keywords

Definition

Keywords are predefined, reserved identifiers that have special meanings to the compiler.

Macros
#define	export_
	Define shared library export.
#define	abstract_
	This keyword is used to represents an abstract class.
#define	abstract_object_
	This keyword is used to represents an abstract class.
#define	block_scope_(...)
	The specified expression is cleared automatically when the scope is ended.
#define	call_once_
	The xtd keyword call_once_ can be used to execute a routine exactly once. This can be used to initialise data in a thread-safe way.
#define	core_export_
	Define shared library export.
#define	enum_ut_(namespace_name, enum_t, underlying_t, ...)
	Provides the registration struct for enum with specified underlying type.
#define	enum_(namespace_name, enum_t, ...)
	Provides the registration struct for enum.
#define	enum_class_ut_(namespace_name, enum_class_t, underlying_t, ...)
	Provides the registration struct for enum class with specified underlying type.
#define	enum_class_(namespace_name, enum_class_t, ...)
	Provides the registration struct for enum class.
#define	enum_struct_ut_(namespace_name, enum_struct_t, underlying_t, ...)
	Provides the registration struct for enum with specified underlying type.
#define	enum_struct_(namespace_name, enum_struct_t, ...)
	Provides the registration struct for enum struct.
#define	flags_attribute_(namespace_name, enum_type)
	Provides the set attribute struct for enumerations helper.
#define	interface_
	This keyword is use to represent an interface.
#define	lock_(object)
	The lock_ keyword marks a statement block as a critical section by obtaining the mutual-exclusion lock for a given object, executing a statement, and then releasing the lock. The following example includes a lock statement.
#define	nameof_(...)
	Used to obtain the simple (unqualified) string name of a variable, type, or member.
#define	assembly_company_(company)
	Sets the assembly company information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_configuration_(configuration)
	Sets the assembly configuration information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_copyright_(copyright)
	Sets the assembly copoyright information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_culture_(culture)
	Sets the assembly culture information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_description_(description)
	Sets the assembly description information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_file_version_(version)
	Sets the assembly file version information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_guid_(guid)
	Sets the assembly guid information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_identifier_(identifier)
	Sets the assembly identifier information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_name_(name)
	Sets the assembly name information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_product_(product)
	Sets the assembly product information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_title_(title)
	Sets the assembly title information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_trademark_(trademark)
	Sets the assembly trademark information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	assembly_version_(version)
	Sets the assembly version information. Must be called once in your application.
#define	scope_exit_
	Nowadays, every C++ developer is familiar with the Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) technique. It binds resource acquisition and release to initialization and destruction of a variable that holds the resource. There are times when writing a special class for such a variable is not worth the effort. This is when xtd scope_exit_ comes into play.
#define	self_
	The self_ expression is a reference value expression whose value is the reference of the implicit object parameter (the object on which the non-static member function (up to C++23) implicit object member function (since C++23) is called).
#define	sizeof_(...)
	Used to obtain the size in bytes of the object representation of type or expression.
#define	startup_(main_method)
	Defines the entry point to be called when the application loads. Generally this is set either to the main form in your application or to the main procedure that should run when the application starts.
#define	startup_class_(main_class)
	Defines the entry point to be called when the application loads. Generally this is set either to the main form in your application or to the main procedure that should run when the application starts.
#define	static_
	This keyword is use to represent a static object. A static object can't be instantiated (constructors are deleted).
#define	static_object_
	This keyword is use to represent a static object. A static object can't be instantiated (constructors are deleted).
#define	lock_guard_(object)
	The lock_guard_ keyword marks a statement block as a critical section by obtaining the mutual-exclusion lock for a given object, executing a statement, and then releasing the lock. The following example includes a lock statement.
#define	typeof_
	Used to obtain the type object of a specified type or object.
#define	unused_
	It may be used to suppress the "unused variable" or "unused local typedefs" compiler warnings when the variable or typedef can't be removed or commented out, e.g. when some blocks of the code are conditionally activated.
#define	using_(...)
	The specified expression is cleared automatically when the scope is ended.
#define	drawing_export_
	Define shared library export.
#define	forms_export_
	Define shared library export.
#define	tunit_export_
	Define shared library export.

Macro Definition Documentation

export_

#define export_

#include <xtd/include/xtd/export.h>

Define shared library export.

Warning

Internal use only

abstract_

#define abstract_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/abstract.h>

This keyword is used to represents an abstract class.

Header

#include <xtd/abstract>

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

This keyword has no other use than to tag a class to abstract.

Examples

class foo abstract_ {
public:
  virtual std::string to_string() = 0;
};

Examples

console_firework.cpp, and graph_control.cpp.

abstract_object_

#define abstract_object_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/abstract_object.h>

This keyword is used to represents an abstract class.

Header

#include <xtd/abstract_object>

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

This keyword has no other use than to tag a class to abstract.

Examples

class foo abstract_object_ {
public:
  virtual std::string to_string() = 0;
};

block_scope_

#define block_scope_

(

...

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/block_scope.h>

The specified expression is cleared automatically when the scope is ended.

Header

#include <xtd/block_scope>

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Examples

// values is released automatically after the end closure }.
block_scope_(auto values = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}) {
  cout << string::join(", ", values) << endl;
}

Remarks

same as using_

Examples

binary_reader.cpp, binary_reader2.cpp, block_scope.cpp, file_info.cpp, file_info_append_text.cpp, file_info_open.cpp, file_info_open_read.cpp, file_info_open_text.cpp, file_info_open_write.cpp, jthread.cpp, lock_guard.cpp, and process.cpp.

call_once_

#define call_once_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/call_once.h>

The xtd keyword call_once_ can be used to execute a routine exactly once. This can be used to initialise data in a thread-safe way.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

See also xtd::call_once struct.

Examples

The following example shows how to use call_once_ keyword.

#include <xtd/xtd>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::threading;
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("(main) begin");
  
  auto mre = manual_reset_event {};
  
  auto thread_proc = [&] {
    static auto cpt = 0;
    call_once_ {
      console::write_line("  (thread_proc) call once {} times", cpt + 1);
    };
    console::write_line("  (thread_proc) running {} times", ++cpt);
    if (cpt == 3) mre.set();
  };
  
  thread_pool::register_wait_for_single_object(mre, thread_proc, {}, 100, false);
  
  mre.wait_one();
  
  thread::join_all();
  console::write_line("(main) end");
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// (main) begin
//   (thread_proc) call once 1 times
//   (thread_proc) running 1 times
//   (thread_proc) running 2 times
//   (thread_proc) running 3 times
// (main) end

Examples

call_once.cpp.

core_export_

#define core_export_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/core_export.h>

Define shared library export.

Warning

Internal use only

enum_ut_

#define enum_ut_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_t,
			underlying_t,
			...
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/enum.h>

Provides the registration struct for enum with specified underlying type.

Header

#include <xtd/enum>

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_type	The name of the enum.
underlying_type	The underying type.
...	The enumeration list.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_register with the enumeration identifiers.

Warning

The helper has one limitiation :

• The enumeration's cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enumeration is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_register to register the enumeration identifiers.

Examples

The following code show how to use enum_ut_ helper.

#include <xtd/as>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum_ut_(, enum_test, byte,
  value_one,
  value_two,
  value_three,
  value_four
);
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("name = {}", enum_test::value_four);
  console::write_line("value = {}", enum_object(enum_test::value_four).to_byte());
  console::write_line("as<byte> = {}", as<byte>(enum_test::value_four));
  console::write_line("values = {}", enum_object<>::get_values_as_int32<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("names = {}", enum_object<>::get_names<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("entries = {}", enum_object<>::get_entries_as_int32<enum_test>());
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// name = value_four
// value = 3
// as<byte> = 3
// values = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// names = [value_one, value_two, value_three, value_four]
// entries = [(0, value_one), (1, value_two), (2, value_three), (3, value_four)]

Examples

enum_ut.cpp.

enum_

#define enum_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_t,
			...
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/enum.h>

Provides the registration struct for enum.

Header

#include <xtd/enum>

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_type	The name of the enum.
...	The enumeration list.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_register with the enumeration identifiers.

Warning

The helper has one limitiation :

• The enumeration's cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enumeration is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_register to register the enumeration identifiers.

Examples

The following code show how to use enum_ helper.

#include <xtd/as>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum_(, enum_test,
  value_one,
  value_two,
  value_three,
  value_four
);
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("name = {}", enum_test::value_four);
  console::write_line("value = {}", enum_object(enum_test::value_four).to_int32());
  console::write_line("as<int> = {}", as<int>(enum_test::value_four));
  console::write_line("values = {}", enum_object<>::get_values_as_int32<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("names = {}", enum_object<>::get_names<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("entries = {}", enum_object<>::get_entries_as_int32<enum_test>());
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// name = value_four
// value = 3
// as<int> = 3
// values = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// names = [value_one, value_two, value_three, value_four]
// entries = [(0, value_one), (1, value_two), (2, value_three), (3, value_four)]

Examples

enum.cpp, and parse_enum.cpp.

enum_class_ut_

#define enum_class_ut_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_class_t,
			underlying_t,
			...
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/enum_class.h>

Provides the registration struct for enum class with specified underlying type.

Header

#include <xtd/enum>

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_class_type	The name of the enum class.
underlying_type	The underying type.
...	The enumeration list.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_register with the enumeration identifiers.

Warning

The helper has one limitiation :

• The enumeration's cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enumeration is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_register to register the enumeration identifiers.

Examples

The following code show how to use enum_class_ut_ helper.

#include <xtd/as>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum_class>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum_class_ut_(, enum_test, byte,
  value_one,
  value_two,
  value_three,
  value_four
);
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("name = {}", enum_test::value_four);
  console::write_line("value = {}", enum_object(enum_test::value_four).to_int32());
  console::write_line("as<int> = {}", as<int>(enum_test::value_four));
  console::write_line("values = {}", enum_object<>::get_values_as_int32<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("names = {}", enum_object<>::get_names<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("entries = {}", enum_object<>::get_entries_as_int32<enum_test>());
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// name = value_four
// value = 3
// as<int> = 3
// values = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// names = [value_one, value_two, value_three, value_four]
// entries = [(0, value_one), (1, value_two), (2, value_three), (3, value_four)]

Examples

enum_class_ut.cpp.

enum_class_

#define enum_class_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_class_t,
			...
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/enum_class.h>

Provides the registration struct for enum class.

Header

#include <xtd/enum>

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_class_type	The name of the enum class.
...	The enumeration list.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_register with the enumeration identifiers.

Warning

The helper has one limitiation :

• The enumeration's cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enumeration is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_register to register the enumeration identifiers.

Examples

The following code show how to use enum_ helper.

#include <xtd/as>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum_class>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum_class_(, enum_test,
  value_one,
  value_two,
  value_three,
  value_four
);
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("name = {}", enum_test::value_four);
  console::write_line("value = {}", enum_object(enum_test::value_four).to_int32());
  console::write_line("as<int> = {}", as<int>(enum_test::value_four));
  console::write_line("values = {}", enum_object<>::get_values_as_int32<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("names = {}", enum_object<>::get_names<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("entries = {}", enum_object<>::get_entries_as_int32<enum_test>());
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// name = value_four
// value = 3
// as<int> = 3
// values = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// names = [value_one, value_two, value_three, value_four]
// entries = [(0, value_one), (1, value_two), (2, value_three), (3, value_four)]

Examples

enum_class.cpp, enum_class_flags.cpp, enum_class_flags_introspection.cpp, enum_class_parse.cpp, and parse_enum_class.cpp.

enum_struct_ut_

#define enum_struct_ut_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_struct_t,
			underlying_t,
			...
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/enum_struct.h>

Provides the registration struct for enum with specified underlying type.

Header

#include <xtd/enum>

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_struct_type	The name of the enum struct.
underlying_type	The underying type.
...	The enumeration list.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_register with the enumeration identifiers.

Warning

The helper has one limitiation :

• The enumeration's cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enumeration is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_register to register the enumeration identifiers.

Examples

The following code show how to use enum_struct_ut_ helper.

#include <xtd/as>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum_struct>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum_struct_ut_(, enum_test, byte,
  value_one,
  value_two,
  value_three,
  value_four
);
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("name = {}", enum_test::value_four);
  console::write_line("value = {}", enum_object(enum_test::value_four).to_int32());
  console::write_line("as<int> = {}", as<int>(enum_test::value_four));
  console::write_line("values = {}", enum_object<>::get_values_as_int32<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("names = {}", enum_object<>::get_names<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("entries = {}", enum_object<>::get_entries_as_int32<enum_test>());
}
 
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// name = value_four
// value = 3
// as<int> = 3
// values = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// names = [value_one, value_two, value_three, value_four]
// entries = [(0, value_one), (1, value_two), (2, value_three), (3, value_four)]

Examples

enum_struct_ut.cpp.

enum_struct_

#define enum_struct_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_struct_t,
			...
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/enum_struct.h>

Provides the registration struct for enum struct.

Header

#include <xtd/enum>

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_struct_type	The name of the enum struct.
...	The enumeration list.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_register with the enumeration identifiers.

Warning

The helper has one limitiation :

• The enumeration's cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enumeration is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_register to register the enumeration identifiers.

Examples

The following code show how to use enum_ helper.

#include <xtd/as>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum_struct>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum_struct_(, enum_test,
  value_one,
  value_two,
  value_three,
  value_four
);
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("name = {}", enum_test::value_four);
  console::write_line("value = {}", enum_object(enum_test::value_four).to_int32());
  console::write_line("as<int> = {}", as<int>(enum_test::value_four));
  console::write_line("values = {}", enum_object<>::get_values_as_int32<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("names = {}", enum_object<>::get_names<enum_test>());
  console::write_line("entries = {}", enum_object<>::get_entries_as_int32<enum_test>());
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// name = value_four
// value = 3
// as<int> = 3
// values = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// names = [value_one, value_two, value_three, value_four]
// entries = [(0, value_one), (1, value_two), (2, value_three), (3, value_four)]

Examples

enum_struct.cpp, and parse_enum_struct.cpp.

flags_attribute_

#define flags_attribute_	(		namespace_name,
			enum_type
	)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/flags_attribute.h>

Provides the set attribute struct for enumerations helper.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

namespace_name	The name of the the namespace. Empty if no namespace.
enum_type	The name of the enum flags.

Remarks

This helper is created to facilitate to set the xtd::enum_set_attribute with the xtd::enum_attribute::flags atribute and the implementation of the following operators for enum flags:

Operator	Name
^=	Bitwise XOR assignment
&=	Bitwise AND assignment
|=	Bitwise OR assignment
+=	Addition assignment
-=	Subtraction assignment
	Bitwise XOR
&	Bitwise AND
|	Bitwise OR
+	Addition
-	Subtraction
~	Bitwise NOT

Warning

The helper as one limitiation :

• The enum's flags cannot be in a class or struct. The enum must be in the global namespace or in a namespace hierarchy. If the enum flags is in a class or struct, add operators manually and use xtd::enum_set_attribute to register the xtd::enum_attribute::flags attribute.

Examples

The following code show how to use flags_attribute_ helper.

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/enum_class>
#include <xtd/environment>
#include <xtd/string>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
enum class text_styles {
  normal =    0b0,
  bold =      0b1,
  italic =    0b10,
  underline = 0b100,
  strikeout = 0b1000,
};
 
// Add text_style enum class flags operators and register flags attribute.
flags_attribute_(, text_styles);
 
// Only this operator is needed for text_styles enum class to be recognized by xtd::string::format().
template<> struct xtd::enum_register<text_styles> {
  explicit operator auto() const noexcept {return xtd::enum_collection<text_styles> {{text_styles::normal, "normal"}, {text_styles::bold, "bold"}, {text_styles::italic, "italic"}, {text_styles::underline, "underline"}, {text_styles::strikeout, "strikeout"}};}
};
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::out << string::format("{}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("0b{:b}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("0b{:B}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("{:d}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("{:D}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("{:g}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("{:G}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("0{:o}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("0{:O}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("0x{:x}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
  console::out << string::format("0x{:X}", text_styles::bold | text_styles::italic) << environment::new_line;
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// saturday
// 0b101
// 0b101
// 5
// 5
// saturday
// saturday
// 05
// 05
// 0x5
// 0x5

Examples

enum_class_flags.cpp, enum_class_flags_introspection.cpp, and format_enum_class_flags.cpp.

interface_

#define interface_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/interface.h>

This keyword is use to represent an interface.

Library

xtd.core

Examples

@include <xtd/interface>
 
class istringable interface_ {
public:
  virtual std::string to_string() const = 0;
};
 
class foo : public istringable {
public:
  Foo() = default;
 
  std:::string to_string() const override {return "foo";}
};

Examples

interface.cpp.

lock_

#define lock_

(

object

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/lock.h>

The lock_ keyword marks a statement block as a critical section by obtaining the mutual-exclusion lock for a given object, executing a statement, and then releasing the lock. The following example includes a lock statement.

class account : public object {
public:
  void withdraw(decimal amount) {
    lock_ (balance) {
      if (amount > balance)
        throw exception("Insufficient funds");
      balance -= amount;
    }
  }
 
private:
  decimal balance;
};

For more information, see Thread Synchronization.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

The lock_ keyword ensures that one thread does not enter a critical section of code while another thread is in the critical section. If another thread tries to enter a locked code, it will wait, block, until the object is released.

The section Threading discusses threading.

The lock_ keyword calls Enter at the start of the block and Exit at the end of the block. A xtd::threading::thread_interrupted_exception is thrown if xtd::threading::thread::interrupt interrupts a thread that is waiting to enter a lock statement.

In general, avoid locking on a public type, or instances beyond your code's control. The common constructs lock_ (*this), lock_ (typeof_<my_type>()), and lock_ ("myLock") violate this guideline:

• lock_ (*this) is a problem if the instance can be accessed publicly.
• lock_ (typeof_<my_type>()) is a problem if my_type is publicly accessible.
• lock_ ("my_lock") is a problem because any other code in the process using the same string, will share the same lock.

Best practice is to define a private object to lock on, or a private static object variable to protect data common to all instances.

You can't use the await_ keyword in the body of a lock_ statement.

Examples

The following sample shows a simple use of threads without locking in C++.

#include <xtd/xtd>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::rhreading;
 
class thread_test {
public:
  void run_me() {
    console::write_line("run_me called");
  }
 
  static void main() {
    thread_test b;
    auto t = thread {thread_start {b, &thread_test::run_me));
    t.start();
  }
};
 
startup_(thread_test::main)
 
// Output: run_me called

Examples

The following sample uses threads and lock_. As long as the lock statement is present, the statement block is a critical section and balance will never become a negative number.

#include <xtd/threading/thread_pool>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/lock>
#include <xtd/random>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::threading;
 
namespace examples {
  class account : public object {
  public:
    explicit account(int initial) : balance(initial) {}
    
    void do_transactions() {
      for (auto i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
        withdraw(random.next(1, 100));
    }
    
  private:
    int withdraw(int amount) {
      // This condition never is true unless the lock statement is commented out.
      if (balance < 0) throw system_exception {"Negative Balance"};
      
      // Comment out the next line to see the effect of leaving out the lock keyword.
      lock_(balance) {
        if (balance < amount) return 0;
        console::write_line("Balance before Withdrawal :  {0}", balance);
        console::write_line("Amount to Withdraw        : -{0}", amount);
        balance = balance - amount;
        console::write_line("Balance after Withdrawal  :  {0}", balance);
        return amount;
      }
      return 0;
    }
 
    int balance = 0;
    xtd::random random;
  };
  
  class program {
  public:
    static void main() {
      auto account = examples::account {1000};
      
      for (auto i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
        thread_pool::queue_user_work_item({account, &account::do_transactions});
      
      thread_pool::close();
    }
  };
}
 
startup_(examples::program::main);
 
// This code can produce the following output :
//
// Balance before Withdrawal :  1000
// Amount to Withdraw        : -75
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  925
// Balance before Withdrawal :  925
// Amount to Withdraw        : -84
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  841
// Balance before Withdrawal :  841
// Amount to Withdraw        : -69
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  772
// Balance before Withdrawal :  772
// Amount to Withdraw        : -71
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  701
// Balance before Withdrawal :  701
// Amount to Withdraw        : -84
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  617
// Balance before Withdrawal :  617
// Amount to Withdraw        : -81
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  536
// Balance before Withdrawal :  536
// Amount to Withdraw        : -15
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  521
// Balance before Withdrawal :  521
// Amount to Withdraw        : -93
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  428
// Balance before Withdrawal :  428
// Amount to Withdraw        : -6
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  422
// Balance before Withdrawal :  422
// Amount to Withdraw        : -54
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  368
// Balance before Withdrawal :  368
// Amount to Withdraw        : -52
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  316
// Balance before Withdrawal :  316
// Amount to Withdraw        : -67
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  249
// Balance before Withdrawal :  249
// Amount to Withdraw        : -93
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  156
// Balance before Withdrawal :  156
// Amount to Withdraw        : -60
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  96
// Balance before Withdrawal :  96
// Amount to Withdraw        : -7
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  89
// Balance before Withdrawal :  89
// Amount to Withdraw        : -42
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  47
// Balance before Withdrawal :  47
// Amount to Withdraw        : -1
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  46
// Balance before Withdrawal :  46
// Amount to Withdraw        : -22
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  24
// Balance before Withdrawal :  24
// Amount to Withdraw        : -18
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  6
// Balance before Withdrawal :  6
// Amount to Withdraw        : -2
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  4
// Balance before Withdrawal :  4
// Amount to Withdraw        : -2
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  2
// Balance before Withdrawal :  2
// Amount to Withdraw        : -2
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  0

Examples

lock.cpp, monitor_lock.cpp, monitor_pulse.cpp, and monitor_pulse_all.cpp.

nameof_

#define nameof_

(

...

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/nameof.h>

Used to obtain the simple (unqualified) string name of a variable, type, or member.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

When reporting errors in code, hooking up model-view-controller (MVC) links, firing property changed events, etc., you often want to capture the string name of a method. Using nameof helps keep your code valid when renaming definitions. Before, you had to use string literals to refer to definitions, which is brittle when renaming code elements because tools do not know to check these string literals.

A nameof expression has this form:

if (x == null) throw  std::argument_error(nameof_(x));
write_line(nameof_(person.address().zip_code())); // prints "person.address().zip_code()"

Examples

Some C++ examples:

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/nameof>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
template<typename value_t>
void print_names(value_t value) {
  auto the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything = value;
  console::write_line("{}", nameof_(print_names));
  console::write_line("{}", nameof_(value_t));
  console::write_line("{} is {}", nameof_(the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything), the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything);
  console::write_line("{} = {}", nameof_((124 + 26) / 2), (124 + 26) / 2);
}
 
auto main() -> int {
  print_names(42);
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// print_names
// value_t
// the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything is 42
// (124 + 26) / 2 = 75
 

Remarks

The argument to nameof must be a simple name, qualified name, member access, base access with a specified member, or this access with a specified member. The argument expression identifies a code definition, but it is never evaluated.

Because the argument needs to be an expression syntactically, there are many things disallowed that are not useful to list. The following are worth mentioning that produce errors: predefined types (for example, int or void), nullable types (Point?), array types (Customer[,]), pointer types (Buffer*), qualified alias (A::B), and unbound generic types (Dictionary<,>), preprocessing symbols (DEBUG), and labels (loop:).

If you need to get the fully-qualified name, you can use the typeof_ expression along with nameof. For example:

class c {
public: 
  void f(int i) {
    log(xtd::string::format("{0}::{1}", typeof_<c>(), nameof_(f)), "method entry");
  }
}

assembly_company_

#define assembly_company_

(

company

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_company_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly company information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_company_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_configuration_

#define assembly_configuration_

(

configuration

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_configuration_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly configuration information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_configuration_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_copyright_

#define assembly_copyright_

(

copyright

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_copyright_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly copoyright information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_copyright_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_culture_

#define assembly_culture_

(

culture

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_culture_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly culture information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_culture_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_description_

#define assembly_description_

(

description

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_description_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly description information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_description_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_file_version_

#define assembly_file_version_

(

version

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_file_version_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly file version information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_file_version_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_guid_

#define assembly_guid_

(

guid

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_guid_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly guid information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_guid_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_identifier_

#define assembly_identifier_

(

identifier

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_identifier_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly identifier information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_identifier_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_name_

#define assembly_name_

(

name

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_name_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly name information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_name_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_product_

#define assembly_product_

(

product

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_product_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly product information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_product_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_title_

#define assembly_title_

(

title

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_title_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly title information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_title_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_trademark_

#define assembly_trademark_

(

trademark

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_trademark_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly trademark information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_trademark_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

assembly_version_

#define assembly_version_

(

version

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/reflection/assembly_version_attribute.h>

Sets the assembly version information. Must be called once in your application.

Remarks

Use this keyword if you create create assembly informations manually.

Use CMake assembly macro if you want create assembly informations with CMake scripts.

Parameters

version

The version information.

Header

#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_version_attribute>

Library

xtd.core

Examples

The following example shows how to use assembly information manually.

#include <xtd/forms/application>
#include <xtd/forms/form>
#include <xtd/forms/label>
#include <xtd/forms/text_box>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd::forms;
 
class form1 : public form {
public:
  static auto main() {
    application::run(form1 {});
  }
  
  form1() {
    text("Form with manual assembly info");
    controls().push_back_range({company, product, version, company_name, product_name, product_version});
    client_size({350, 105});
    
    company.auto_size(true);
    company.text("Company name");
    company.location({10, 10});
    company.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    product.auto_size(true);
    product.text("Product name");
    product.location({10, 40});
    product.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    version.auto_size(true);
    version.text("Product version");
    version.location({10, 70});
    version.text_align(content_alignment::middle_left);
    
    company_name.text(application::company_name());
    company_name.read_only(true);
    company_name.location({120, 10});
    company_name.width(220);
    
    product_name.text(application::product_name());
    product_name.read_only(true);
    product_name.location({120, 40});
    product_name.width(220);
    
    product_version.text(application::product_version());
    product_version.read_only(true);
    product_version.location({120, 70});
    product_version.width(220);
  }
  
private:
  label company;
  label product;
  label version;
  
  text_box company_name;
  text_box product_name;
  text_box product_version;
};
 
startup_(form1::main);

#pragma region xtd generated code
// This code was generated by CMake script.
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// Remarks : If this file was manually created, you need re-run cmake generator after creating
//           or modifying any parameter bellow.
 
#include <xtd/reflection/assembly_info>
 
// Information about this assembly is defined by the following attributes.
// Change them to the values specific to your project.
 
assembly_title_("Forms with CMake assembly information");
assembly_description_("This example shows how to use xtd assembly informations");
assembly_configuration_("");
assembly_company_("Gammasoft");
assembly_product_("form_with_cmake_assembly_info");
assembly_copyright_("Copyright © Gammasoft 2024");
assembly_trademark_("");
assembly_culture_("");
 
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
 
assembly_guid_("9b363484-3d19-40a5-b5ac-eeebd391163b");
 
// The assembly version has the format "{Major}.{Minor}.{Build}.{Revision}".
// In not specify or empty or "*" the cmake project version is used.
 
assembly_version_("1.2.3");
#pragma endregion

scope_exit_

#define scope_exit_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/scope_exit.h>

Nowadays, every C++ developer is familiar with the Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) technique. It binds resource acquisition and release to initialization and destruction of a variable that holds the resource. There are times when writing a special class for such a variable is not worth the effort. This is when xtd scope_exit_ comes into play.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

See also xtd::scope_exit struct.

Warning

Prefer use RAII then scope_exit_.

#include <xtd/xtd>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
auto main() -> int {
  scope_exit_ {
    console::write_line("scope_exit");
  };
  console::write_line("begin");
  //...
  console::write_line();
  console::write_line("do something...");
  console::write_line();
  //...
  console::write_line("end");
}
 
// This code produces the following output:
//
// begin
//
// do something...
//
// end
// scope_exit

self_

#define self_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/self.h>

The self_ expression is a reference value expression whose value is the reference of the implicit object parameter (the object on which the non-static member function (up to C++23) implicit object member function (since C++23) is called).

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

self_ is equivalent to *this.

sizeof_

#define sizeof_

(

...

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/sizeof.h>

Used to obtain the size in bytes of the object representation of type or expression.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Examples

Some C++ examples:

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/environment>
#include <xtd/sizeof>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
auto main() -> int {
  console::write_line("sizeof :");
  console::write_line("┌───────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐");
  console::write_line("│  xtd              │  std                │ native                  │");
  console::write_line("├───────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤");
  console::write_line("│ xtd::boolean = {,2} │ ------------------- │ bool               = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::boolean), sizeof_(bool));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::char_   = {,2} │ ------------------- │ char               = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::char_), sizeof_(char));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::char8   = {,2} │ ------------------- │ char8_t            = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::char8), sizeof_(char8_t));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::char16  = {,2} │ ------------------- │ char16_t           = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::char16), sizeof_(char16_t));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::char32  = {,2} │ ------------------- │ char32_t           = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::char32), sizeof_(char32_t));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::wchar   = {,2} │ ------------------- │ wchar_t            = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::wchar), sizeof_(wchar_t));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::single  = {,2} │ std::float_t   = {,2} │ float              = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::single), sizeof_(std::float_t), sizeof_(float));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::double_ = {,2} │ std::double_t  = {,2} │ double             = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::double_), sizeof_(std::double_t), sizeof_(double));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::decimal = {,2} │ ------------------- │ long double        = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::decimal), sizeof_(long double));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::sbyte   = {,2} │ std::int8_t    = {,2} │ char               = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::sbyte), sizeof_(std::int8_t), sizeof_(char));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::int16   = {,2} │ std::int16_t   = {,2} │ short              = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::int16), sizeof_(std::int16_t), sizeof_(short));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::int32   = {,2} │ std::int32_t   = {,2} │ int                = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::int32), sizeof_(std::int32_t), sizeof_(int));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::int64   = {,2} │ std::int64_t   = {,2} │ long               = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::int64), sizeof_(std::int64_t), sizeof_(long));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::intptr  = {,2} │ std::intptr_t  = {,2} │ long long          = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::intptr), sizeof_(std::intptr_t), sizeof_(long long));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::byte    = {,2} │ std::int8_t    = {,2} │ unsigned char      = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::byte), sizeof_(std::uint8_t), sizeof_(unsigned char));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::uint16  = {,2} │ std::uint16_t  = {,2} │ unsigned short     = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::uint16), sizeof_(std::uint16_t), sizeof_(unsigned short));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::uint32  = {,2} │ std::uint32_t  = {,2} │ unsigned int       = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::uint32), sizeof_(std::uint32_t), sizeof_(unsigned int));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::uint64  = {,2} │ std::uint64_t  = {,2} │ unsigned long      = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::uint64), sizeof_(std::uint64_t), sizeof_(unsigned long));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::uintptr = {,2} │ std::uintptr_t = {,2} │ unsigned long long = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::uintptr), sizeof_(std::uintptr_t), sizeof_(unsigned long long));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::size    = {,2} │ ------------------- │ size_t             = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::size), sizeof_(size_t));
  console::write_line("│ xtd::ptrdiff = {,2} │ ------------------- │ ptrdiff_t          = {,2} │", sizeof_(xtd::ptrdiff), sizeof_(ptrdiff_t));
  console::write_line("└───────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘");
}
 
// This code produces the following output :
//
// sizeof :
// ┌───────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
// │  xtd              │  std                │ native                  │
// ├───────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
// │ xtd::boolean =  1 │ ------------------- │ bool               =  1 │
// │ xtd::char_   =  1 │ ------------------- │ char               =  1 │
// │ xtd::char8   =  1 │ ------------------- │ char8_t            =  1 │
// │ xtd::char16  =  2 │ ------------------- │ char16_t           =  2 │
// │ xtd::char32  =  4 │ ------------------- │ char32_t           =  4 │
// │ xtd::wchar   =  4 │ ------------------- │ wchar_t            =  4 │
// │ xtd::single  =  4 │ std::float_t   =  4 │ float              =  4 │
// │ xtd::double_ =  8 │ std::double_t  =  8 │ double             =  8 │
// │ xtd::decimal =  8 │ ------------------- │ long double        =  8 │
// │ xtd::sbyte   =  1 │ std::int8_t    =  1 │ char               =  1 │
// │ xtd::int16   =  2 │ std::int16_t   =  2 │ short              =  2 │
// │ xtd::int32   =  4 │ std::int32_t   =  4 │ int                =  4 │
// │ xtd::int64   =  8 │ std::int64_t   =  8 │ long               =  8 │
// │ xtd::intptr  =  8 │ std::intptr_t  =  8 │ long long          =  8 │
// │ xtd::byte    =  1 │ std::int8_t    =  1 │ unsigned char      =  1 │
// │ xtd::uint16  =  2 │ std::uint16_t  =  2 │ unsigned short     =  2 │
// │ xtd::uint32  =  4 │ std::uint32_t  =  4 │ unsigned int       =  4 │
// │ xtd::uint64  =  8 │ std::uint64_t  =  8 │ unsigned long      =  8 │
// │ xtd::uintptr =  8 │ std::uintptr_t =  8 │ unsigned long long =  8 │
// │ xtd::size    =  8 │ ------------------- │ size_t             =  8 │
// │ xtd::ptrdiff =  8 │ ------------------- │ ptrdiff_t          =  8 │
// └───────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘

startup_

#define startup_

(

main_method

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/startup.h>

Defines the entry point to be called when the application loads. Generally this is set either to the main form in your application or to the main procedure that should run when the application starts.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Parameters

main_method

The main method.

Examples

This example show a main method without arguments and without return code

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/environment>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
namespace main1_example {
  class program {
  public:
    static void main() {
      // Write arguments to the console output
      for (auto arg : environment::get_command_line_args())
        console::write_line(arg);
        
      // return 42
      environment::exit_code(42);
    }
  };
}
 
startup_(main1_example::program::main);
// Is the same as :
//
// auto main() -> int {
//   return startup::safe_run(main1_example::program::main);
// }
 
 
// This code produces the following output if one two "three four" five are entered on command line:
//
// /!---OMITTED---!/main1
// one
// two
// three four
// five

This example show a main method with a return code and without arguments

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/environment>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd;
 
namespace main2_example {
  class program {
  public:
    static int main() {
      // Write arguments to the console output
      for (auto arg : environment::get_command_line_args())
        console::write_line(arg);
        
      return 42;
    }
  };
}
 
startup_(main2_example::program::main);
// Is the same as :
//
// auto main() -> int {
//   return startup::safe_run(main2_example::program::main);
// }
 
 
// This code produces the following output if one two "three four" five are entered on command line:
//
// /!---OMITTED---!/main2
// one
// two
// three four
// five

This example show a main method with argument and without return code

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/environment>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::collections::specialized;
 
namespace main3_example {
  class program {
  public:
    static void main(const string_collection& args) {
      // Write arguments to the console output
      for (auto arg : args)
        console::write_line(arg);
        
      // return 42
      environment::exit_code(42);
    }
  };
}
 
startup_(main3_example::program::main);
// Is the same as :
//
// auto main() -> int {
//   return startup::safe_run(main3_example::program::main);
// }
 
 
// This code produces the following output if one two "three four" five are entered on command line:
//
// one
// two
// three four
// five

This example show a main method with argument and return code

#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/environment>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::collections::specialized;
 
namespace main4_example {
  class program {
  public:
    static int main(const string_collection& args) {
      // Write arguments to the console output
      for (auto arg : args)
        console::write_line(arg);
        
      return 42;
    }
  };
}
 
startup_(main4_example::program::main);
// Is the same as :
//
// auto main() -> int {
//   return startup::safe_run(main4_example::program::main);
// }
 
 
// This code produces the following output if one two "three four" five are entered on command line:
//
// one
// two
// three four
// five

Examples

application_and_assert.cpp, application_and_exception.cpp, application_enable_dark_mode.cpp, application_enable_light_mode.cpp, application_with_cmake_assembly_info.cpp, application_with_manual_assembly_info.cpp, auto_reset_event.cpp, background_worker.cpp, barrier.cpp, barrier_simple.cpp, binary_reader.cpp, binary_reader2.cpp, binary_reader3.cpp, bit_converter_endianness.cpp, bit_converter_is_big_endian.cpp, bit_converter_is_little_endian.cpp, bit_converter_round_trips.cpp, border_style.cpp, calculator.cpp, change_parent.cpp, circular_form.cpp, console_clear.cpp, console_firework.cpp, countdown_event.cpp, countries.cpp, date_time.cpp, date_time_add.cpp, date_time_add_days.cpp, date_time_add_hours.cpp, date_time_add_milliseconds.cpp, date_time_add_minutes.cpp, date_time_add_months.cpp, date_time_add_seconds.cpp, date_time_add_years.cpp, date_time_date.cpp, date_time_day_of_week.cpp, date_time_day_of_year.cpp, date_time_days_in_month.cpp, date_time_days_in_month2.cpp, date_time_max_value.cpp, date_time_min_value.cpp, date_time_now.cpp, date_time_now2.cpp, date_time_specify_kind.cpp, date_time_sprintf.cpp, date_time_subtract.cpp, date_time_ticks.cpp, date_time_ticks2.cpp, date_time_time_of_day.cpp, date_time_to_string_format.cpp, date_time_today.cpp, debug_message_box.cpp, default_trace_listener.cpp, drive_info.cpp, environment_cancel_signal.cpp, environment_exit.cpp, environment_exit_code.cpp, environment_program_exit.cpp, event_wait_handle.cpp, file_info.cpp, file_info_append_text.cpp, file_info_move_to.cpp, file_info_open.cpp, file_info_open_read.cpp, file_info_open_text.cpp, file_info_open_write.cpp, file_info_replace.cpp, form_and_main.cpp, form_background_image.cpp, form_show.cpp, generic_icollection.cpp, generic_ienumerable.cpp, generic_ienumerable2.cpp, generic_ilist.cpp, generic_list.cpp, generic_list2.cpp, generic_list3.cpp, generic_list4.cpp, generic_list_as_read_only.cpp, graph_control.cpp, horizontal_layout_panel.cpp, ienumerable.cpp, ienumerator.cpp, ilist.cpp, interlocked.cpp, interlocked_decrement.cpp, ip_address.cpp, lcd_label3.cpp, lock.cpp, lock_guard.cpp, lock_guard_keyword.cpp, main.cpp, main1.cpp, main2.cpp, main3.cpp, main4.cpp, manual_reset_event.cpp, math.cpp, mixing_std_and_xtd_threads.cpp, monitor.cpp, monitor_lock.cpp, monitor_pulse.cpp, monitor_pulse_all.cpp, mutex.cpp, read_only_collection.cpp, semaphore.cpp, send_message_to_form.cpp, some_controls.cpp, some_system_controls.cpp, stack_trace.cpp, system_sound.cpp, system_sounds.cpp, target_default_namespace.cpp, test_console.cpp, test_forms.cpp, themes.cpp, thread.cpp, thread_pool.cpp, time_span.cpp, timeout.cpp, timer.cpp, timers_timer.cpp, timers_timer_synchronizing_object.cpp, trace_message_box.cpp, track_bar2.cpp, tutorial_application_icon.cpp, tutorial_button.cpp, tutorial_communicate.cpp, tutorial_simple_application.cpp, uri.cpp, version.cpp, version_os.cpp, vertical_layout_panel.cpp, and wait_handle.cpp.

startup_class_

#define startup_class_

(

main_class

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/startup.h>

Defines the entry point to be called when the application loads. Generally this is set either to the main form in your application or to the main procedure that should run when the application starts.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Warning

The main_class must ba have a static member main method. For other entry point that main use startup_ keyword.

static_

#define static_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/static.h>

This keyword is use to represent a static object. A static object can't be instantiated (constructors are deleted).

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Examples

class foo static_ {
public:
  static std::string to_string() {return "foo";}
};

Examples

console_firework.cpp, environment_cancel_signal.cpp, environment_program_exit.cpp, and static.cpp.

static_object_

#define static_object_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/static.h>

This keyword is use to represent a static object. A static object can't be instantiated (constructors are deleted).

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Examples

class foo static_object_ {
public:
  static std::string to_string() {return "foo";}
};

Examples

static_object.cpp.

lock_guard_

#define lock_guard_

(

object

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/threading/lock_guard.h>

The lock_guard_ keyword marks a statement block as a critical section by obtaining the mutual-exclusion lock for a given object, executing a statement, and then releasing the lock. The following example includes a lock statement.

class account : public object {
public:
  void withdraw(decimal amount) {
    lock_guard_ (balance) {
      if (amount > balance)
        throw exception("Insufficient funds");
      balance -= amount;
    }
  }
 
private:
  decimal balance;
};

For more information, see Thread Synchronization.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Remarks

The lock_guard_ keyword ensures that one thread does not enter a critical section of code while another thread is in the critical section. If another thread tries to enter a locked code, it will wait, block, until the object is released.

The section Threading discusses threading.

The lock_guard_ keyword calls Enter at the start of the block and Exit at the end of the block. A xtd::threading::thread_interrupted_exception is thrown if xtd::threading::thread::interrupt interrupts a thread that is waiting to enter a lock statement.

In general, avoid locking on a public type, or instances beyond your code's control. The common constructs lock_guard_ (*this), lock_guard_ (typeof_<my_type>()), and lock_guard_ ("myLock") violate this guideline:

• lock_guard_ (*this) is a problem if the instance can be accessed publicly.
• lock_guard_ (typeof_<my_type>()) is a problem if my_type is publicly accessible.
• lock_guard_ ("my_lock") is a problem because any other code in the process using the same string, will share the same lock.

Best practice is to define a private object to lock on, or a private static object variable to protect data common to all instances.

You can't use the await_ keyword in the body of a lock_guard_ statement.

Examples

The following sample shows a simple use of threads without locking in C++.

#include <xtd/xtd>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::rhreading;
 
class thread_test {
public:
  void run_me() {
    console::write_line("run_me called");
  }
 
  static void main() {
    thread_test b;
    auto t = thread {thread_start {b, &thread_test::run_me));
    t.start();
  }
};
 
startup_(thread_test::main)
 
// Output: run_me called

Examples

The following sample uses threads and lock_guard_. As long as the lock statement is present, the statement block is a critical section and balance will never become a negative number.

#include <xtd/threading/lock_guard>
#include <xtd/threading/thread_pool>
#include <xtd/console>
#include <xtd/random>
#include <xtd/startup>
 
using namespace xtd;
using namespace xtd::threading;
 
namespace examples {
  class account : public object {
  public:
    explicit account(int initial) : balance(initial) {}
    
    void do_transactions() {
      for (auto i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
        withdraw(random.next(1, 100));
    }
    
  private:
    int withdraw(int amount) {
      // This condition never is true unless the lock statement is commented out.
      if (balance < 0) throw system_exception {"Negative Balance"};
      
      // Comment out the next line to see the effect of leaving out the lock keyword.
      lock_guard_(balance) {
        if (balance < amount) return 0;
        console::write_line("Balance before Withdrawal :  {0}", balance);
        console::write_line("Amount to Withdraw        : -{0}", amount);
        balance = balance - amount;
        console::write_line("Balance after Withdrawal  :  {0}", balance);
        return amount;
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    int balance = 0;
    xtd::random random;
  };
  
  class program {
  public:
    static void main() {
      auto account = examples::account {1000};
      
      for (auto i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
        thread_pool::queue_user_work_item({account, &account::do_transactions});
      
      thread_pool::close();
    }
  };
}
 
startup_(examples::program::main);
 
// This code can produce the following output :
//
// Balance before Withdrawal :  1000
// Amount to Withdraw        : -75
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  925
// Balance before Withdrawal :  925
// Amount to Withdraw        : -84
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  841
// Balance before Withdrawal :  841
// Amount to Withdraw        : -69
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  772
// Balance before Withdrawal :  772
// Amount to Withdraw        : -71
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  701
// Balance before Withdrawal :  701
// Amount to Withdraw        : -84
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  617
// Balance before Withdrawal :  617
// Amount to Withdraw        : -81
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  536
// Balance before Withdrawal :  536
// Amount to Withdraw        : -15
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  521
// Balance before Withdrawal :  521
// Amount to Withdraw        : -93
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  428
// Balance before Withdrawal :  428
// Amount to Withdraw        : -6
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  422
// Balance before Withdrawal :  422
// Amount to Withdraw        : -54
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  368
// Balance before Withdrawal :  368
// Amount to Withdraw        : -52
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  316
// Balance before Withdrawal :  316
// Amount to Withdraw        : -67
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  249
// Balance before Withdrawal :  249
// Amount to Withdraw        : -93
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  156
// Balance before Withdrawal :  156
// Amount to Withdraw        : -60
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  96
// Balance before Withdrawal :  96
// Amount to Withdraw        : -7
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  89
// Balance before Withdrawal :  89
// Amount to Withdraw        : -42
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  47
// Balance before Withdrawal :  47
// Amount to Withdraw        : -1
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  46
// Balance before Withdrawal :  46
// Amount to Withdraw        : -22
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  24
// Balance before Withdrawal :  24
// Amount to Withdraw        : -18
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  6
// Balance before Withdrawal :  6
// Amount to Withdraw        : -2
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  4
// Balance before Withdrawal :  4
// Amount to Withdraw        : -2
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  2
// Balance before Withdrawal :  2
// Amount to Withdraw        : -2
// Balance after Withdrawal  :  0

Examples

lock_guard_keyword.cpp.

typeof_

#define typeof_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/typeof.h>

Used to obtain the type object of a specified type or object.

Returns

THe xtd::type_object that represent the type or the object.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Examples

// Get the type object of a type :
xtd::type_object type1 = typeof_<int32>();
 
int32 i = 42;
// Get the type object of an object :
xtd::type_object type2 = typeof_(i);

Remarks

The typeof_ operator cannot be overloaded.

Examples

any.cpp, any_info.cpp, array_list2.cpp, boxed_info.cpp, file_info_move_to.cpp, iclonable.cpp, and object_get_type.cpp.

unused_

#define unused_

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/unused.h>

It may be used to suppress the "unused variable" or "unused local typedefs" compiler warnings when the variable or typedef can't be removed or commented out, e.g. when some blocks of the code are conditionally activated.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd_core

Parameters

args	variables to suppress the unused warning

Examples

This example sho how to use Unused():

using_

#define using_

(

...

)

#include <xtd.core/include/xtd/using.h>

The specified expression is cleared automatically when the scope is ended.

Namespace

xtd

Library

xtd.core

Examples

// values is released automatically after the end closure }.
using_(auto values = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}) {
  cout << string::join(", ", values) << endl;
}

same as :

using_(auto values = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
  cout << string::join(", ", values) << endl;

same as :

{
  auto values = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
  cout << string::join(", ", values) << endl;
}

Remarks

same as block_scope_

Examples

binary_reader3.cpp, and using.cpp.

drawing_export_

#define drawing_export_

#include <xtd.drawing/include/xtd/drawing_export.h>

Define shared library export.

Warning

Internal use only

forms_export_

#define forms_export_

#include <xtd.forms/include/xtd/forms_export.h>

Define shared library export.

Warning

Internal use only

tunit_export_

#define tunit_export_

#include <xtd.tunit/include/xtd/tunit_export.h>

Define shared library export.

Warning

Internal use only